The Executive further agrees that if any part of the agreements set forth in this Agreement or its application is construed as invalid or unenforceable, then the remainder of the Agreement or Agreements shall be in full force and effect without regard to any invalid or unenforceable portions thereof. But some redundancy phrases are so common that you might as well point them out. Today I talked to a friend about power and effect. I then checked EDGAR and found that the phrase appeared in 2,991 "substantive contracts" filed last month. This makes power and effect an integral part of the contractual landscape. Garner`s Dictionary of Legal Usage says it has "become part of the legal idiom." 11. Governing Law; Divisibility. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York, without regard to its conflict of law provisions. If any provision of this Agreement is found by a court of competent jurisdiction to be illegal or unenforceable, the parties agree that the court shall have the authority to modify, amend, or alter such provision(s) to make the Agreement legal and enforceable. If this Agreement cannot be modified to be enforceable, except for the general disclaimer, this provision will immediately become null and void, so that the remainder of this Agreement will remain in full force and effect. If the general wording of the release is found to be illegal or unenforceable, the Board member agrees to make an appropriate binding replacement release or, at the request of the Company, to return amounts paid under this Agreement. The protesters went into effect when the president arrived in Stockholm. "Power and effect." Merriam-Webster.com Legal Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, www.merriam-webster.com/legal/force%20and%20effect.

Retrieved 11 October 2022. If for any reason any provision of this Agreement or part of a provision is held to be invalid, . and each of such other provisions and parts thereof shall remain in full force and effect in accordance with the law. Garner suggests that "the emphasis on force and effect may justify the use of the term, in drafting (treaties and statutes) rather than in court opinions." But this ignores the nature of contract language – it serves to convince anyone of anything, so this kind of emphasis has no place in a contract. This warranty will remain in full force until .. 7. Governing Law and Interpretation. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York, without regard to its conflict of law provisions. Any action to enforce or violate this Agreement shall be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Circuit Court located in and for Palm Beach County, Florida.

If any provision of this Agreement is held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be illegal or unenforceable and cannot be modified to be enforceable, except for the general release provision, that provision shall immediately become null and void, and the remainder of this Agreement shall remain in full force and effect. The parties acknowledge that this Agreement is the result of negotiations and agree that it shall not be construed against any party on the basis of sole authorship. The parties agree that in any dispute relating to this Agreement (as determined by the competent court(s)), the prevailing party shall be entitled to recover its reasonable attorneys` fees and related costs, including attorneys` fees and costs associated with an appeal. Appropriate force is the degree of violence that is appropriate and not excessive to defend one`s person or property. A person who uses such force has the right to do so and is not criminally or civilly responsible for the conduct. and each of the agreements and obligations contained in the loan agreement and other loan documents is hereby affirmed with the same force and effect as if each had been separately set forth herein and entered into as of the date of this agreement; But the ubiquity of the phrase cannot hide the fact that you`d better get rid of violence and/or full force, as the case may be. 5. Agreement in force and in full effect. Unless expressly modified by this Second Amendment, the terms of the Agreement shall remain in full force and effect, and the Agreement as modified by this Amendment and all of its terms, including, but not limited to, warranties and representations, are hereby ratified and confirmed by the Trust and Daylight Saving Time from the Effective Date.

The expression is used without force or effect and with the same force and effect, but more often than not, you see it in full force and effect.

In addition to the general principles of good labour relations practice, dismissals, reductions and severance payments are governed by the provisions of the Reduction and Severance Pay Act. The provisions of this Act apply only to employees who meet the legal definition of "employee" under the Industrial Relations Act and who have completed at least one (1) year of service. Employment contracts are governed by the principle of contract law according to which a contract cannot be modified without the consent of the opposing party. Therefore, caution should be exercised when drafting all employment contracts. In addition, appropriate procedures should be followed when it becomes necessary to renegotiate any aspect of the employment relationship. In addition to the employment contract, certain terms and conditions of employment and/or obligations and rights of the employer and employee may also be required by statute or implied under common law, including those relating to, for example, minimum wage, severance reductions and severances, maternity leave, and health and safety. In addition to its political stability, strategic location and significant natural resources (especially natural gas), Trinidad and Tobago is attractive to foreign investors because of its skilled and productive workforce. The population is educated and has a high level of literacy. As the most industrialized Caribbean nation, Trinidad and Tobago has an experienced workforce in various activities, including all aspects of the oil, gas and petrochemical industries. An arbitral award or a decision of the Labour Court may be challenged only on the grounds that the Labour Court did not exercise its jurisdiction or exceeded its jurisdiction, that the order was obtained fraudulently, that it was vitiated by an error of law or that there was a specific illegality in the course of the proceedings. The Labour Court`s finding that an employee was dismissed in circumstances that were not in accordance with the principles of good labour relations practice is not subject to appeal. If the court finds that an employee was wrongly dismissed, it may award the employee reinstatement and/or financial damages, including damages and punitive damages.

The Labour Court has the power to make an award which it considers fair and just, having regard to the interests of the persons directly concerned and the community as a whole, the merits of the case before it and the principles of good labour relations practice. The Act also provides for mandatory mediation of labour disputes between an employer and its employees concerning the dismissal, employment, non-employment, suspension, refusal of employment, reinstatement or reinstatement of such workers and includes disputes relating to conditions of employment. According to the law, a labour dispute can only be initiated by (i) the employer, (ii) the majority recognized union for the collective bargaining unit to which the employee belongs, or (iii) if there is no recognized majority union, a union in which the employee(s) involved in the dispute are honourable members. For employees who do not belong to a trade union or for matters that do not fall within the jurisdiction of the Labour Court, disputes are usually settled amicably or by a traditional action for termination of the employment contract. The Labour Court established under the Industrial Relations Act has jurisdiction to hear and resolve "commercial disputes" between an employer and its employees, including disputes relating to the dismissal of employees, through compulsory arbitration. The Court shall exercise its jurisdiction in accordance with the principles of fairness, good conscience and good practice in industrial relations. However, this specialised court does not replace the traditional jurisdiction of the High Court for actions for breach of contract of employment or unfair dismissal. Ideally, employment contracts should be in writing, but there is no general rule to that effect. In practice, they are often done partly orally, partly in writing. Often, the basic terms and conditions of employment are set out in a letter of appointment, which usually includes a job description or an indication of the duties required, as well as a general provision that the employee must perform all other necessary duties.

If workers are represented by a recognised majority trade union, the terms of a collective agreement between the employer and the union may also govern the employment relationship. In addition to this general customary legal obligation, the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) establishes a legal framework for occupational health and safety. The scope of the law goes beyond traditional industrial operations to include stores, offices and other workplaces. The employer has a general customary duty to take reasonable care of the safety of its employees during the period of their employment, including the obligation to provide competent personnel, appropriate facilities and equipment, a safe workplace and a safe work system. Compliance with these regulations is critical because, in addition to certain criminal penalties, OSHA gives workers the right to refuse work if there is a danger to safety or health. Health, safety, health and safety, occupational health and safety Under the Workers` Compensation Act, an employer is required to pay compensation for injury or death to an employee as a result of a workplace injury. The value of this benefit is calculated according to a prescribed formula and depends in part on a medical assessment of the worker`s permanent partial disability. In the event of death or serious and permanent incapacity, the employer remains liable, even if the accident may have been caused by serious and intentional misconduct on the part of the employee. The amounts payable for workers` compensation are relatively modest. However, paying workers` compensation to an employee does not preclude the employee from bringing any other action he or she may have against the employer (for example, negligence).

However, in determining the compensation due to the worker, the Court takes into account the amount paid to him as workers` compensation. The Act prohibits discrimination on the basis of "status," which includes: (i) sex (but not sexual preference or orientation), (ii) race, (iii) ethnic origin, (iv) origin, including geographic origin, (v) religion, (vi) marital status, (vii) disability (including mental or mental illness or disorder). Age is not a category protected by law. Discrimination occurs when an employer treats an employee or potential employee less. However, the regulation does not apply to employees who receive an hourly rate of at least 1.5 times the minimum wage. Explanatory memorandum - Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2018 Contributions are calculated on the basis of a formula set out in the Social Security Act. Essentially, the legislation sets out several "categories of earnings," each of which involves "assumed average weekly earnings." Earnings include more than salary or base salary, but include acting allowances, overtime, scholarships, allowances, commissions, production or efficiency bonuses, on-call service payments, hazard or dirt allowances, and dependents` allowances. The contribution payable for an individual employee is based on the assumed average weekly earnings of the class to which the individual employee belongs and a statutory rate adjusted from time to time. Effective September 2016, the legislated rate was increased to 13.2% of insurable earnings. Although these conditions are prima facie void because they are contrary to public policy, they may be enforceable if they are proportionate both between the parties and in the public interest. A restriction that purportedly takes effect after the termination of the employment relationship is not appropriate unless it protects certain legally recognized property interests of the employer. Even where those recognised interests are concerned, the restriction imposed on the employee must not exceed what is reasonably necessary to protect that interest, failing which they shall be null and void.

The terms of the employment contract should be carefully considered, as they clarify many important issues, such as the notice period required for dismissal and the conditions that the employer deems necessary to protect its intellectual property rights and trade secrets. Where appropriate, the contract may contain restrictive agreements prohibiting a former employee from setting up a competing business or working for a competitor in a given territory for a certain period of time. MOTOR VEHICLES AND ROAD TRAFFIC ACT (ENFORCEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION) CHAPTER 48:52 Current authorized pages Authorized safety: This includes regulations on the supply of clothing and protective devices, dust and smoke suppression, and machinery protection; The Equality Act generally prohibits employers from discriminating against employees or prospective employees on the basis of their gender, race, ethnicity, geographical origin, religion, marital status or disability.

What Is the Bragg`s Law

We have studied electromagnetic waves and the properties of X-rays in our previous sessions. Let`s see what happens when X-rays hit a crystalline surface by learning Bragg`s law. This law helps to understand coherent and inconsistent diffusion from a crystal lattice. Let us know about Bragg`s law, Bragg`s equation, Bragg`s derivative and their applications. Claudio Ferrari, Claudio Bocchi, in Characterization of Semiconductor Heterostructures and Nanostructures, 2008 In physics and chemistry, Bragg`s law, the Wulff-Bragg condition or Laue-Bragg interference, a special case of Laue diffraction, gives the angles for coherent scattering of waves from a crystal lattice. It involves the superposition of wavefronts dispersed by lattice planes, resulting in a strict relationship between wavelength and scattering angle, or wave vector transfer with respect to the crystal lattice. Such a law was originally formulated for crystal X-rays. However, it applies to all types of quantum beams, including neutron and electron waves at atomic distances, as well as visible light on artificial periodic microarrays. The general relationship between the wavelength of incident X-rays, the angle of incidence and the distance between the planes of the crystal lattice of atoms is known as Bragg`s law, expressed as: n λ = 2d sinΘ, where n (an integer) is the “order” of reflection, λ is the wavelength of incident X-rays, d is the interplanar distance of the crystal and Θ is the angle of incidence. The wavelengths of first-order X-rays are 2.20 Å at 27°8`. Find the distance between adjacent Miller levels. Monochromators on synchrotron beamlines are typically based on perfect semiconductor single crystals that reflect the beam at the only wavelength that satisfies Bragg`s law for the angle and cross-section of the monochromator.

A typical material is silicon, which is cut along planes (111) and provides an intrinsic wavelength bandwidth δλ/λ of the order of 10−4. This bandwidth is unnecessarily narrow for some experiments, as discussed in section 1.5.1.6, even taking into account the additional widening caused by beam divergence. However, in the special case where abnormal scattering differences are used for phasing, the bandpass provided by these monochromators is approximately equal to the width of the absorption edge characteristics at which the anomalous signal is maximized.32 where n {displaystyle n} and λ {displaystyle lambda } are respectively an integer and a wavelength of the incident wave. X-rays are penetrating energetic electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between 10 nanometers and 10 picometers. A rigorous derivation of the more general Laue equations is available (see page: Laue equations). Crystal monochromators can be tuned to different wavelengths by rotating the crystal. A practical problem is that the beam is deflected by θ. For example, if the sample is 3 m away from a monochromator Si(111), it must be translated 0.25 m if the wavelength changes between 1 and 1.5 Å. To avoid these large movements, beamlines optimized for MAD experiments use two crystals parallel to each other.

In this arrangement, the first crystal deflects the beam by θ and the second crystal by -θ, restoring the direction of the beam and causing only a very small displacement of the beam in the vertical direction. A dual-crystal monochromator system usually deflects the beam vertically because the beam divergence in that direction is smaller. In cases where the monochromator is set horizontally on the beam, the crystal is often also bent to focus the beam. This observation illustrates the interface of X-waves, called X-ray diffraction (XRD), and proves the atomic structure of crystals. Bragg`s law, as mentioned above, can be used to obtain the lattice spacing of a given cubic system by the following relation: When a crystal is bombarded with X-rays of a fixed wavelength (similar to the distance from the planes of the atomic crystal lattice) and at certain incident angles, intensely reflected X-rays are produced when the wavelengths of the scattered X-rays interfere constructively. For waves to interfere constructively, the path differences must be equal to integer multiples of the wavelength. When this constructive interference occurs, a diffracted X-ray beam leaves the crystal at an angle equal to that of the incident beam. The residual stress of the welds is measured on-site using a portable X-ray diffraction system before and after heat treatment after welding (PWHT) (Raj and Jayakumar 1997). Residual stresses exist in a material, although external forces do not act on it. The X-ray diffraction method is used to identify ceramic alloys and structures and measure stresses. Most metals and ceramics are made up of many small crystals.

When such a material is irradiated by an X-ray beam, the radiation is diffracted by the atomic planes in the crystal. Diffraction occurs only if the relationship between the interatomic plane distance in the discharged state d0, the radiation wavelength λ and the angle of incidence θ corresponds to Bragg`s law. If λ and d0 are known, the strain, ε and stress σ can be calculated from the measured diffraction data as follows. Bragg`s law specifies the simple condition in which a diffracted beam can be observed. Figure 6 shows a beam of parallel X-rays penetrating a series of parallel grating planes with the indices h,k,l of distance d and at an angle of incidence θ. The grid planes are displayed as a mirror. Do you have “+r+” period”+(r>1? “s”:” “)+” from “+(t.find(“.item”).length-1)+” points. Figure 15. Principle and application of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) or neutron scattering (SANS). Bragg`s law is a special case of Laue diffraction, which determines coherent and incoherent scattering angles from a crystal lattice. When X-rays hit a particular atom, they move an electron cloud like an electromagnetic wave. The movement of these charges again emits waves of similar frequency, slightly blurred due to various effects, and this phenomenon is known as Rayleigh scattering.

Basically, this law explains the relationship between an X-ray shot and its reflection from a crystalline surface. Note that moving particles, including electrons, protons, and neutrons, have an associated wavelength called de Broglie wavelength. A diffraction pattern is obtained by measuring the intensity of the scattered waves as a function of the scattering angle. Very strong intensities, known as Bragg peaks, are obtained in the diffraction pattern at points where the scattering angles satisfy the Bragg condition. As mentioned in the introduction, this condition is a special case of the more general Laue equations, and it can be shown that the Laue equations are reduced to the Bragg condition under additional assumptions. The wavelengths of the characteristic curves used in X-ray spectrometry range from ∼0.03 nm (Ba K) to ∼ 10 nm (Be K). This area cannot be covered by the use of a single diffraction crystal. The detectable wavelength and high-order reflections are limited by the relationship between d and λ.

To illustrate this characteristic, consider a crystal with crystal lattice spacing d (right). If the difference in path length between the paths of ABC and A`B`C` rays is an integer multiple of the wavelength, constructive interference occurs for a combination of that specific wavelength, the plane distance from the crystal lattice and the angle of incidence (Θ). Each rational plane of atoms in a crystal is refracted to a single angle (for fixed wavelength X-rays). Fig. 2. (a) Diagram of symmetric and asymmetric Bragg diffraction geometries with the two possible incidence conditions for asymmetric reflection. b) Example of an X-ray diffraction profile from a single-layer heterostructure achievable by ω or ω−2θ-scanning. The angular distance Δω between the substrate and layer peaks is proportional to the non-matching components. Wider bandpass monochromators, such as mosaic crystals (e.g., graphite monochromators) or multilayers, are often preferred for use in conjunction with X-ray tubes, where a narrow-bandpass monochromator would reduce beam intensity without offsetting the benefits of the experiment. When a graphite monochromator is used in an X-ray tube, the bandpass is determined by the width of the Kα emission (2.5×10−3 for copper)30, which is acceptable for data acquisition. (A) X-ray photon beams or neutron beams penetrate them when they hit a sample and are then scattered. In SAXS or SANS, photons or neutrons with a scattering of less than 3° are detected.

(B) Images of two-dimensional detectors of a SAXS model (left side) and a SANS pattern (right side) of tritalmitin nanodispersions. The first peaks of interference due to the stacking of particles are marked by black arrows. The reflections are marked by white arrows. In the X-ray image, the broad shadow of the beam stop is visible to the primary beam.

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