List II controlled substances include amphetamines, many barbiturates, cocaine (as a local anesthetic or to stop severe epistaxis), many opioids (fentanyl, hydromorphone, morphine, oxycodone, etc.) and phencyclidine, also known as PCP (veterinary anesthetic). Disclaimer: Information available on this website that has not been developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) does not necessarily constitute policy, position, or endorsement of such information or its sources. The information contained on this website does not constitute legal advice; If you have questions about a particular law or its application, you should contact your legal counsel. Schedule II controlled substances are defined as substances with a high potential for abuse and dependence that pose a significant risk to patient safety and have medical uses in the United States. List II substances require an original prescription, either in writing or electronically from a physician. Except in emergencies, oral orders are not permitted. [12] An emergency under the CSA involves the immediate administration of the controlled substance necessary for appropriate treatment, there are no appropriate alternative therapies, and a written prescription to the pharmacist for the prescribing physician is not reasonably possible. A controlled substance is a drug, substance or immediate precursor as defined in the Uniform Controlled Substances Act. Under the Controlled Substances Act, it is illegal, among other things, for anyone to manufacture, sell, prescribe, distribute, provide, manage, possess, control, abandon or transport a controlled substance, except as expressly provided by law. The cornerstone of the CSA is the classification system used to regulate controlled substances. In this system, there are five tables of contents numbered I to V.
The CSA stratifies them based on accepted medical use of a substance, abuse/dependence, and harmfulness. Annex I contained the substances with the greatest potential for abuse, harm and no recognised medical use, while Annex V contained the least hazardous substances with known medical use. Note that a controlled substance as defined in the Controlled Substances Act is “a drug or other substance or direct precursor listed in Schedules I, II, III, IV or V to Part B of this Subchapter. This term includes undistilled spirits, wine, absinthe, malt beverages, nicotine or tobacco, as defined or used in Subtitle E of the Internal Revenue Code 1986. This exemption for alcohol and tobacco is important because they are the most commonly used drugs in the United States. The team approach may include assessment of pain symptoms by key providers, including multidisciplinary pain modalities (including physiotherapy/occupational therapy, recreational therapy, and cognitive behavioural therapy), medication regimen assessment by pharmacists, and involvement of pain care physicians. Providers (doctors, physician assistants and nurses), nurses and pharmacists can also monitor for side effects of controlled substances. Keywords: cannabidiol, cannabis, Schedule I, debt restructuring, controlled substances, PREEMPT, farm bill, hemp The substances with the lowest relative potential for abuse and physical or psychological dependence and currently having medical applications in the United States are listed in Appendix V.
These include cough suppressants containing codeine, pregabalin and lacosamide. [10] [13] Since its initial enactment, the CSA has undergone many changes. These changes included the Safe and Responsible Drug Disposal Act, 2010, which allows pharmacies to create take-back programs for controlled drugs, and the Protecting Patient Access to Emergency Drugs Act, 2017, including registration with emergency departments to allow for the administration of controlled substances. [6] According to the CSA, any registered pharmacy or manufacturer must immediately report the theft or loss of a significant quantity of controlled substances to the DEA and local police. [8] This loss or theft can be reported to the DEA online or on the DEA`s Form 106 in paper form. The online portal with the reporting form can be found on the DEA Guidelines Monitoring Program website. [9] Failure to report is illegal and punishable. Schedule I controlled substances are described as having an unacceptable lack of safety, high potential for abuse or dependence, and currently have no accepted medical uses in treatment in the United States. No requirement may be issued for List I substances. Drugs on this list include diacetylmorphine (heroin), psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin, MDMA, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and marijuana. [10] The most controversial controlled substance in this category is marijuana, which was requested and denied (2001), although many states legalize marijuana and decriminalization takes place in other states.
[11] CQ StateTrack reports on recent legal developments regarding opioids: (Large files; may take several minutes to load) Examples of List V substances include cough preparations containing no more than 200 milligrams of codeine per 100 millilitres or per 100 grams (Robitussin AC, ® Phenergan with codeine) and ezogabin®.