In contrast, the international community has established other criminal tribunals, each focusing on a specific place and time, corresponding to a particularly intense period of past conflict or unrest involving widespread human rights violations. International criminal tribunals established to prosecute war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide include: In the declaration of the high-level meeting on the rule of law, Member States reaffirmed their duty to settle international disputes by peaceful means, including through negotiation, investigation, good offices, mediation, mediation, arbitration and judicial settlement, or other means peaceful means of their choice The objective of the discussions was to propose existing and anticipated and then effective remedies, based on national experience and that of the international judicial bodies present at the event. The International Tribunals Stakeholder Group focuses on the work of the many existing and proposed international judicial and arbitration bodies. The aim is to monitor and inform the work of all international tribunals as well as hybrid and international tribunals. Our areas of expertise include the International Court of Justice, the International Criminal Court, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, regional human rights tribunals and ad hoc international arbitral tribunals. The group is interested in both the process and substance of decision-making and aims to analyse and understand how, where and by whom international decisions are made. The Stakeholder Group will regularly disseminate information on developments in this important area, including comments on decisions and amendments, as well as on developments in the composition, procedures and formation of these bodies. It also focuses on aspects of possible overlapping competences and on the development of common principles. The group aims to be relevant to practitioners and academics and encourages discussion and exchange of ideas among all stakeholders in the field. It will organize at least one event per year on important topics in this field and will participate fully in the annual meeting.
The international community has also worked with national governments to establish “internationalized” or “hybrid” courts to prosecute international crimes. Such tribunals may operate exclusively within the framework of a national judicial system or may be established by agreement between the United Nations and the national Government, so that their staff and judicial composition may be of a national or international nature. Some examples: International criminal tribunals exist to investigate and prosecute individuals for serious violations of international criminal law or humanitarian law – such as war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity – when national authorities are unable or unwilling to do so. These tribunals may be established by a multilateral international agreement (“international tribunals”) or by an agreement between a State and an intergovernmental organization (“hybrid tribunals”). An international tribunal is an international organization or an organ of an international organization that hears cases in which a party may be a State or an international organization (or an agency thereof) and is composed of independent judges who follow pre-established rules of procedure to render binding decisions on the basis of international law. [1] International tribunals are formed by treaties between nations or under the authority of an international organization such as the United Nations and include ad hoc tribunals and permanent institutions, but exclude all tribunals established exclusively under national authority. The conference provided an opportunity for an exchange of views between those who represent international justice on a daily basis and representatives of the governments that initiated and created these bodies. Early examples of international tribunals include the Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals, established after World War II. Several such international tribunals are currently located in The Hague in the Netherlands, including the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the International Criminal Court (ICC).
Other international tribunals exist elsewhere, usually with jurisdiction over a particular country, a global or regional intergovernmental or supranational organization, or historical issues such as the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, which deals with the genocide in Rwanda.